THE WHOLE HISTORY OF SUDAN
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Welcome to Countries Facts so Today in this Article I will show you the whole the the history of sudan includes that of both the territory that composes republic of the sudan south sudan as well as that of a larger region known by the term sudan the modern republic of sudan was formed in 1956 and inherited its boundaries from anglo-egyptian sudan established in 1899 for times predating 1899 usage of the term sudan for the territory of the republic of sudan was somewhat anachronistic and may have referred to the more diffuse concept of the sudan the early history of the kingdom of kush located along the nile region in what is now northern sudan is intertwined with the history of ancient egypt with which it was politically allied over several regnal eras by virtue of its proximity to egypt the sudan participated in the wider history of the near east with the most popular episodes being the 25th dynasty and the christianization of the three nubian kingdoms nobasia makuria and olodia in the 6th century as a result of christianization the old nubian language stands as the oldest recorded nilo saharan language in an adaptation of the coptic alphabet while islam was already present in the sudanese red sea coast and the adjacent territories since the 7th century the nile valley did not undergo formal islamization until the 14th 15th century following the decline of the christian kingdoms the kingdoms were succeeded by the sultanate of senar in the early 16th century which controlled large parts of the nile valley and the eastern desert while the kingdoms of darfur controlled the western part of sudan two small kingdoms arose in the southern regions the shaluk kingdom of 1490 and takkali of 1750 near modern-day south sudan but both northern and southern regions were soon seized by muhammad ali of egypt during the 1820s resentment toward the oppressive rule of muhammad ali and his immediate successors is credited for stirring up resentment toward the turco-egyptian rulers that contributed to the sudanese struggle for independence led by muhammad ahmad in 1881. since its independence in 1956 the history of sudan has been plagued by internal conflict viz the first sudanese civil war the second sudanese civil war culminating in the secession of south sudan on july 9 2011 and the war in darfur prehistory now valley by the 8th millennium bce people of the neolithic culture had settled into a sedentary way of life there in fortified mud brick villages where they supplemented hunting and fishing on the nile with grain gathering and cattle herding during the fifth millennium bce migrations from the drying sahara brought neolithic people into the nile valley along with agriculture the population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed social hierarchy over the next centuries become a kingdom of kush at 17000 bc anthropological and archaeological research indicate that during the pre-dynastic period lower nubia and magadan upper egypt were ethnically and culturally nearly identical and thus simultaneously evolved systems of pharaoh on a kingship by 3300 bce together with other countries on red sea sudan is considered the most likely location of the land known to the ancient egyptians as punt whose first mansion dates to the 10th century bc eastern sudan in eastern sudan the bhutana group appears around 4000 bc these people produce simple decorated pottery lived in round huts and were most likely herdsmen hunters but also consumed land snails and there is evidence for some agriculture the gash group started around 3000 bc and is another prehistory culture known from several places these people produced decorated pottery and lived from farming and cattle breeding mahal teglino's was an important place about 10 hectare large in the center were excavated mud brick-built houses seals and seal impressions attest a higher level of administration burials in an elite cemetery were marked with rough tombstones in the second millennium followed the jebel mokrum group they produced pottery with simple in size decoration and lived in simple round huts cattle breeding was most likely the economical base antiquity kingdom of cush northern sudan's earliest historical record comes from ancient egyptian sources which described the land upstream as cush for more than 2000 years the old kingdom of egypt had a dominating and significant influence over its southern neighbor and even afterward the legacy of egyptian cultural and religious introductions remained important over the centuries trade developed egyptian caravans carried grain to kush and returned to aswan with ivory incense hides and carnelian for shipment downriver egyptian governors particularly valued gold in nubia and soldiers in the pharaoh's army egyptian military expeditions penetrated kush periodically during the old kingdom yet there was no attempt to establish a permanent presence in the area until the middle kingdom when egypt constructed a network of forts along the nile as far south as sama and lower egypt to guard the flow of gold from mainz in wawat the area between the first and second cataracts around 1720 bc canaanite nomads called the hicks's took over egypt ended the middle kingdom severed links with kush and destroyed the forts along the nile river to fill the vacuum left by the egyptian withdrawal a culturally distinct indigenous kushite kingdom emerged at al karma near present-day dongola after egyptian power revived during the new kingdom the pharaoh amos i incorporated kush as an egyptian-ruled province governed by a viceroy although egypt's administrative control of kush extended only down to the fourth cataract egyptian sources list tributary districts reaching to the red sea and upstream to the confluence of the blue nile and white nile rivers egyptian authorities ensured the loyalty of local chiefs by drafting their children to serve as pages at the pharaoh's court egypt also expected tributing gold and workers from local cochite chiefs once egypt had established political and military mastery over cush officials priests merchants and artisans settled in the region the egyptian language became widely used in everyday activities many rich koshites took to worshipping egyptian gods and built temples for them the temples remained centers of official religious worship until the coming of christianity to the region during the 6th century when egyptian influence declined or succumbed to foreign domination the kushite elite regarded themselves as central powers and believed themselves as idols of egyptian culture and religion by the 11th century bc the authority of the new kingdom dynasties had diminished allowing divided rule in egypt and ending egyptian control of kush with the withdrawal of the egyptians there ceased to be any written record or information from kush about the region's activities over the next 300 years in the early 8th century bc however kush emerged as an independent kingdom ruled from nepada by an aggressive line of monarchs who slowly extended their influence into egypt around 750 bc a cushite king called kus to conquered upper egypt and became ruler of thebes until approximately 740 bc his successor pa subdued the nile delta and conquered egypt thus initiating the 25th dynasty pa founded the line of kings who ruled cushing thebes for about a hundred years the dynasty's interference with a serious sphere of influence in the near east caused a confrontation between egypt and the powerful assyrian state which controlled the vast empire comprising much of the middle east anatolia caucasus and the eastern mediterranean basin from their homeland in upper mesopotamia taharka the last kochite pharaoh was defeated and driven out of the near east by sennacherib of assyria sennacherib's successor esser haddon went further launching a full-scale invasion of egypt in 674 bc defeating taharka and quickly conquering the land taharka fled back to nubia and native egyptian princes were installed by the assyrians as vassals of esserhadon however taharka was able to return some years later and rest back control of a part of egypt as far as thieves from the egyptian basil princes of assyria esr haddon died in his capital nineveh while preparing to return to egypt and once more eject the koshites esserhad and successor asher bonapal sent a general with a small army which again defeated and ejected to harka from egypt taharka died in nubia two years later his successor tantamoni attempted to regain egypt he successfully defeated nechoi the puppet ruler installed by ashurbanipal taking thieves in the process the assyrians then sent a powerful army southwards tantamoni was heavily routed and the assyrian army sacked thebes to such an extent it never truly recovered a native ruler somtigai was placed on the throne as a vassal of ashurbanipal thus ending the cushite nubian empire marie egypt's succeeding dynasty failed to reassert full control over kush around 590 bc however an egyptian army sacked napata compelling the kushi court to move to a more secure location further south at maraway near the sixth cataract for several centuries thereafter the meroitic kingdom developed independently of egyptian influence and domination which passed successively under iranian greek and finally roman domination during the height of its power in the second and third centuries bc marway extended over a region from the third cataract in the north to soba near present-day khartoum in the south an egyptian pharaonic tradition persisted among a line of rulers at maraway who raised steely to record the achievements of their reigns and erected nubian pyramids to contain their tombs these objects and the ruins of palaces temples and baths at maraway attest to a centralized political system that employed artisan skills and commanded the labor of a large workforce a well-managed irrigation system allowed the area to support a higher population density than was possible during later periods by the first century bc the use of egyptian hieroglyphs gave way to a meroitic alphabet adapted for the nubian related language spoken by the region's people mariway's succession system was not necessarily hereditary the matrilineal royal family member deemed most worthy often became king the conduct or queen mother's role in the selection process was crucial to a smooth succession the crown appears to have passed from brother to brother and only when no siblings remained from father to son although napata remained maraway's religious center northern cush eventually fell into disorder as it came under pressure from the blemish predatory nomads from east of the nile however the now continued to give the region access to the mediterranean world additionally marie maintained contact with arab and indian traders along the red sea coast and incorporated hellenistic and indian cultural influences into its daily life inconclusive evidence suggests that metallurgical technology may have been transmitted westward across the savannah belt to west africa from maroway's iron smelteries relations between marijuana and egypt were not always peaceful as a response to marie's incursions into upper egypt a roman army moved south and raised napata in 23 bc the roman commander quickly abandoned the area however deeming it too poor to warrant colonization in the second century a.d the nobatia occupied the niles west bank in northern cush they are believed to have been one of several well-armed bands of horse and camel-born warriors who sold their skills to maraway for protection eventually they intermarried and established themselves among the marowitic people as a military aristocracy until nearly the 5th century rome subsidized the nobatia and used maraway as a buffer between egypt and the blemish meanwhile the old marowitic kingdom contracted because of the expansion of the powerful kingdom of oxum to the east by 350 king izana of oxum had captured and destroyed the capital of marawi ending the kingdom's independent existence and conquering its territory medieval nubia on the turn of the fifth century the blemish established a short-lived state in upper egypt and lower nubia probably centered around taomi's but before 450 they were already driven out of the nile valley by the nobations the latter eventually founded a kingdom on their own nobatia by the sixth century there were in total three nubian kingdoms no basia in the north which had its capital at pakaras the central kingdom makuria centered at tung about 13 kilometers south of modern dangola and elodia in the heartland of the old cushita kingdom which had its capital at soba still in the 6th century they converted to christianity in the 7th century probably at some point between 628 and 642 no batia was incorporated into makuria between 639 and 641 the muslim arabs of the rashidun caliphate conquered byzantine egypt in 641 or 642 and again in 652 they invaded nubia but were repelled making the nubians one of the few who managed to defeat the arabs during the islamic expansion afterwards the makurian king and the arabs agreed on a unique non-aggression pact that also included an annual exchange of gifts thus acknowledging makuria's independence while the arabs failed to conquer nubia they began to settle east of the nile where they eventually founded several port towns and intermarried with the local basha from the mid-8th mid-11th century christian nubia went through its golden age when its political power and cultural development peaked in 747 makuria invaded egypt which at this time belonged to the declining um aways and it did so again in the early 960s when it pushed as far north as akneem makuria maintained close dynastic ties with elodia perhaps resulting in the temporary unification of the two kingdoms into one state the culture of the medieval nubians has been described as afro-byzantine with the significance of the african component increasing over time increasing arab influence has also been noted the state organization was extremely centralized being based on the byzantine bureaucracy of the 6th and 7th centuries arts flourished in the form of pottery paintings and especially wall paintings the nubians developed an own alphabet for their language old nobian basing it on the coptic alphabet while also utilizing greek coptic and arabic women enjoyed high social status they had access to education could own buy and sell land and often use their wealth to endow churches and church paintings even the royal succession was matrilineal with the son of the king's sister being the rightful heir since the late 11th 12th th century makuria's capital dongola was in decline and elodia's capital declined in the 12th century as well in the 14th and 15th century bedouin tribes overran most of sudan migrating to the bhutana the jezera cordovan and darfur in 1365 a civil war forced the makurian court to flee to gable atta in lower nubia while dangola was destroyed and left to the arabs afterwards makuria continued to exist only as a petty kingdom the last known makurian king was joel who was attested for the years 1463 and 1484 and under whom makuria probably witnessed a brief renaissance after his death the kingdom probably collapsed to the south the kingdom of elodia fell to either the arabs commanded by tribal leader abdallah jamma or the funge and african people originating from the south datings range from the 9th century after the hijra the late 15th century to 1504-1005 an elodian rump state might have survived in the form of the kingdom of ashley lasting until 1685. islamic kingdoms in 1504 the fung are recorded to have founded the kingdom of senar in which abdallah jamma's realm was incorporated by 1523 when jewish traveler david rubini visited sudan the fung state already extended as far north as dongola meanwhile islam began to be preached on the nile by sufi holy men who settled there in the 15th and 16th centuries and by david rubini's visit king amara dunakas previously a pagan or nominal christian was recorded to be muslim however the funds would retain on islamic customs like the divine kingship with the consummation of alcohol until the 18th century sudanese folk islam preserved many rituals stemming from christian traditions until the recent past soon the funj came in conflict with the ottomans who had occupied suicina around 1526 and eventually pushed south along the nile reaching the third nile cataract area in 1583-1584 a subsequent ottoman attempt to capture dongola was repelled by the funge in 1585. afterwards hanek located just south of the third cataract would mark the border between the two states the aftermath of the ottoman invasion saw the attempted usurpation of ajib a minor king of northern nubia while the fudge eventually killed him in 16 and 11 12 his successors the abdallab were granted the authority to govern everything north of the confluence of blue and white niles with considerable autonomy during the 17th century the fung state reached its widest extent but in the following century it began to decline a coup in 1718 brought a dynastic change while another one in 1761 to 1762 resulted in the homage regency where the homage effectively ruled while the fung sultans were their mere puppets shortly afterwards the sultanate began to fragment by the early 19th century it was essentially restricted to the jizera the coup of 1718 kicked off a policy of pursuing a more orthodox islam which in turn promoted the arabization of the state in order to legitimize their rule over their arab subjects the funge began to propagate in um away descend north of the confluence of the blue and white niles as far downstream as al-daba the nubians would adopt the tribal identity of the arab holland until the 19th century arabic had succeeded in becoming the dominant language of central riverine sudan and most of cordovan west of the nile in darfur the islamic period saw at first the rise of the tundra kingdom which replaced the old dayu kingdom in the 15th century and extended as far west as wadai the tunjur people were probably arabized berbers and they're ruling a lead at least muslims in the 17th century the tundra were driven from power by the fur kira sultanate the kira state nominally muslim since the reign of suleiman so long was initially a small kingdom in northern chapel mara but expanded west and northwards in the early 18th century and eastwards under the rule of muhammad tayrab peaking in the conquest of cordophone in 1785 the apogee of this empire now roughly the size of present-day nigeria would last until 1821 19th century turkish sudan in 1820 21 an ottoman force conquered and unified the northern portion of the country the new government was known as the turkey or turkish regime they were looking to open new markets and sources of natural resources historically the pestilential swamps of the sun discouraged expansion into the deeper south of the country although egypt claimed all of the present sudan during most of the 19th century and established a province equatoria in southern sudan to further this aim it was unable to establish effective control over the area in the later years of the turkey ah british missionaries traveled from modern-day kenya into the sudan to convert the local tribes to christianity mautism and condominium in 1881 a religious leader named muhammad ahmad proclaimed himself the mahdi and began a war to unify the tribes in western and central sudan his followers took the name anzars which they continue to use today in association with the single largest political grouping the uma party taking advantage of conditions resulting from ottoman egyptian exploitation and maladministration the mahdi led a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of khartoum on january 26 1885. the interim governor general of the sudan the british major general charles george gordon and many of the 50 000 inhabitants of khartoum were massacred the mahdi died in june 1885. he was followed by abdallahi ibn muhammad known as the khalifa who began an expansion of sudan's area into ethiopia following his victories in eastern ethiopia he sent an army to invade egypt where it was defeated by the british atoschke the british become aware of the weakness of the sudan an anglo-egyptian force under lord kitchener in 1898 was sent to sudan sudan was proclaimed a condominium in 1899 under british egyptian administration the governor-general of the sudan for example was appointed by cadiz decree rather than simply by the british crown but while maintaining the appearance of joint administration the british empire formulated policies and supplied most of the top administrators british control in 1896 a belgian expedition claimed portions of southern sudan that became known as the lotto enclave the lotto enclave was officially part of the belgian congo an 1896 agreement between the united kingdom and belgium saw the enclave turned over to the british after the death of king leopold ii in december 1909. at the same time the french claimed several areas bar el guzzle and the western upper now up to fasciota by 1896 they had a firm administrative hold on these areas and they planned on annexing them to french west africa an international conflict known as the fascota incident developed between france and the united kingdom over these areas in 1899 france agreed to cede the area to the anglo-egyptian sudan from 1898 the united kingdom and egypt administered all of present-day sudan as the anglo-egyptian sudan but northern and southern sudan were administered as separate provinces of the condominium in the very early 1920s the british passed the closed districts ordinances which stipulated that passports were required for travel between the two zones and permits were required to conduct business from one zone into the other and totally separate administrations prevailed in the south english dinka bari neuer letuco shiluke azande and peri were official languages while in the north arabic and english were used as official languages islam was discouraged by the british in the south where christian missionaries were permitted to work condominium governors of south sudan attended colonial conferences in east africa not in khartoum and the british hoped to add south sudan to their east african colonies most of the british focus was on developing the economy and infrastructure of the north southern political arrangements were left largely as they had been prior to the arrival of the british until the 1920s the british had limited authority in the south in order to establish their authority in the north the british promoted the power of syed ali al-murgani head of the kotniya sect and syed abid al-rahman al-mahdi head of the ansar sect the ansar sect essentially became the uma party and katmia became the democratic unionist party in 1943 the british began preparing the north for self-government establishing a north sudan advisory council to advise on the governance of the six north sudanese provinces khartoum cordovan darfur and eastern northern and blue nile provinces then in 1946 the british administration reversed its policy and decided to integrate north and south sudan under one government the south sudanese authorities were informed at the juba conference of 1947 that they would in future be governed by a common administrative authority with the north from 1948 13 delegates nominated by the british authorities represented the south on the sudan legislative assembly many southerners felt betrayed by the british because they were largely excluded from the new government the language of the new government was arabic but the bureaucrats and politicians from southern sudan had for the most part been trained in english of the 800 new governmental positions vacated by the british in 1953 only four were given to southerners also the political structure in the south was not as organized in the north so political groupings and parties from the south were not represented at the various conferences and talks that established the modern state of sudan as a result many southerners did not consider sudan to be a legitimate state post-colonial history independence and the first civil war during february 1953 the united kingdom and egypt concluded an agreement providing for sudanese self-government and self-determination the transitional period toward independence began with the inauguration of the first parliament in 1954. on august 18 1955 a revolt in the army and torrid southern sudan broke out which although quickly suppressed led to a low-level guerrilla insurgency by former southern rebels and marked the beginning of the first sudanese civil war on december 15 1955 the premier of sudan ismail al-azari announced that sudan would unilaterally declare independence in four days time on december 19 1955 the sudanese parliament unilaterally and unanimously declared sudan's independence the british and egyptian governments recognized the independence of sudan on january 1 1956. the united states was among the first foreign powers to recognize the new state however the arab-led khartoum government reneged on promises to southerners to create a federal system which led to a mutiny by southern army officers that sparked 17 years of civil war in the early period of the war hundreds of northern bureaucrats teachers and other officials serving in the south were massacred the national unionist party under prime minister ismail al-azari dominated the first cabinet which was soon replaced by a coalition of conservative political forces in 1958 following a period of economic difficulties and political maneuvering that paralyzed public administration chief of staff major general ibrahim aboud overthrew the parliamentary regime in a bloodless coup d'etat general abu did not carry out his promises to return sudan to civilian government however and popular resentment against army rule led to a wave of riots and strikes in late october 1964 that forced the military to relinquish power the aboot regime was followed by a provisional government until parliamentary elections in april 1965 led to a coalition government of the uma and national unionist parties under prime minister mohammed ahmad mahjoub between 1966 and 1969 sudan had a series of governments that proved unable either to agree on a permanent constitution or to cope with problems of factionalism economic stagnation and ethnic dissidents the succession of early post-independence governments were dominated by arab muslims who viewed sudan as a muslim arab state indeed the umu proposed 1968 constitution was arguably sudan's first islamic-oriented constitution the nemeri era dissatisfaction culminated in a second coup d'etat on may 25 1969 the coup leader colonel geffar nimari became prime minister and the new regime abolished parliament and outlawed all political parties disputes between marxist and non-marxist elements within the ruling military coalition resulted in a briefly successful coup in july 1971 led by the sudanese communist party several days later anti-communist military elements restored nimeri to power in 1972 the addis ababa agreement led to a cessation of the north-south civil war and a degree of self-rule this led to 10 years hiatus in the civil war until the early 1970s sudan's agricultural output was mostly dedicated to internal consumption in 1972 the sudanese government became more pro-western and made plans to export food and cash crops however commodity prices declined throughout the 1970s causing economic problems for sudan at the same time debt servicing costs from the money spent mechanizing agriculture rose in 1978 the international monetary fund negotiated a structural adjustment program with the government this further promoted the mechanized export agriculture sector this caused great economic problems for the pastoralists of sudan in 1976 the onsars mounted a bloody but unsuccessful coup attempt in july 1977 president nimiri met with ansar leader sadiq al-mahdi opening the way for reconciliation hundreds of political prisoners were released and in august a general amnesty was announced for all opponents of nymeria's government arms suppliers sudan relied on a variety of countries for its armed supplies since independence the army had been trained and supplied by the british but relations were cut off after the arab israel's six-day war in 1967. at this time relations with the u.s and west germany were also cut off from 1968 to 1971 the soviet union and eastern bloc nations sold large numbers of weapons and provided technical assistance and training to sudan at this time the army grew from a strength of 18 000 to roughly 60 000 men large numbers of tanks aircraft and artillery were acquired at this time and they dominated the army until the late 1980s relations cooled between the two sides after the coup in 1971 and the khartoum government sought to diversify its suppliers egypt was the most important military partner in the 1970s providing missiles personnel carriers and other military hardware western countries began supplying sudan again in the mid-1970s the united states began selling sudan a great deal of equipment around 1976. military sales peaked in 1982 at 101 million u.s dollars the alliance with the united states was strengthened under the administration of ronald reagan american aid increased from 5 million dollars in 1979 to 200 million dollars in 1983 and then to 254 million dollars in 1985 mainly for military programs sudan thus becomes the second largest recipient of usa to africa the construction of four air bases to house rapid deployment force units and a powerful listening station for the cia near port sudan is decided second civil war in 1983 the civil war in the south was reignited following the government's islamification policy which would have instituted islamic law among other things after several years of fighting the government compromised with southern groups in 1984 and 1985 after a period of drought several million people were threatened by famine particularly in western sudan the regime is trying to hide the situation internationally in march 1985 the announcement of the increase in the prices of basic necessities at the request of the imf with which the regime was negotiating triggered the first demonstrations on april 2nd eight unions called for mobilization and a general political strike until the abolition of the current regime on the third massive demonstrations shook khartoum but also the country's main cities the strike paralyzed institutions and the economy on april 6 1985 a group of military officers led by lieutenant general abidar ramansi war adtahab overthrough nemeri who took refuge in egypt three days later de haba authorized the creation of a 15-man transitional military council to rule sudan in june 1986 sadiq al-mahdi formed a coalition government with huma party the democratic unionist party the national islamic front and four southern parties unfortunately however sadiq proved to be a weak leader and incapable of governing sudan party factionalism corruption personal rivalries scandals and political instability characterized the sadiq regime after less than a year in office sadiq al-mahdi dismissed the government because it had failed to draft a new penal code to replace the sharia reach an agreement with the imf and the civil war in the south or devise a scheme to attract remittances from sudanese expatriates to retain the support of the dup and the southern political parties saddik formed another ineffective coalition government in 1989 the government and southern rebels began to negotiate an end to the war but a coup d'etat brought a military hunter into power which was not interested in compromise the leader of the hunter omar al-bashir consolidated his power over the next few years declaring himself president the civil war has displaced more than four million southerners some fled into southern cities such as juba others trekked as far north as khartoum and even into ethiopia kenya uganda egypt and other neighboring countries these people were unable to grow food or earn money to feed themselves and malnutrition and starvation became widespread the lack of investment in the south resulted as well in what international humanitarian organizations call a lost generation who lack educational opportunities access to basic health care services and little prospects for productive employment in the small and weak economies of the south or the north in early 2003 a new rebellion of sudan liberation movement army injustice and equality movement groups in the western region of darfur began the rebels accused the central government of neglecting the darfur region although there is uncertainty regarding the objectives of the rebels and whether they merely seek an improved position for darfur within sudan or outright secession both the government and the rebels have been accused of atrocities in this war although most of the blame has fallen on arab militias allied with the government the rebels have alleged that these militias have been engaging in ethnic cleansing in darfur and the fighting has displaced hundreds of thousands of people many of them seeking refuge in neighboring chad there are various estimates on the number of human casualties ranging from under 20 000 to several hundred thousand dead from either direct combat or starvation and disease inflicted by the conflict in 2004 chad brokered negotiations in engemena leading to the april 8 humanitarian ceasefire agreement between the sudanese government the gem and the sla however the conflict continued despite the ceasefire and the african union formed a ceasefire commission to monitor its observance in august 2004 the african union sent 150 rwandan troops in to protect the ceasefire monitors it however soon became apparent that 150 troops would not be enough so they were joined by 150 nigerian troops on september 18 2004 united nations security council issued resolution 1564 declaring that the government of sudan had not met its commitments expressing concern at helicopter attacks and assaults by the janjawed militia against villages in darfur it welcomed the intention of the african union to enhance its monitoring mission in darfur and urged all member states to support such efforts during 2005 the african union mission in sudan force was increased to about 7 000. the chatty and sudanese conflict officially started on december 23 2004 when the government of chad declared a state of war with sudan and called for the citizens of chad to mobilize themselves against rally for democracy and liberty militants and sudanese militiamen who attacked villages and towns in eastern chad stealing cattle murdering citizens and burning houses peace talks between the southern rebels and the government made substantial progress in 2003 and early 2004 although skirmishes in parts of the south have reportedly continued the two sides have agreed that following a final peace treaty southern sudan will enjoy autonomy for six years and after the expiration of that period the people of southern sudan will be able to vote in a referendum on independence furthermore oil revenues will be divided equally between the government and rebels during the six-year interim period the ability or willingness of the government to fulfill these promises has been questioned by some observers however and the status of three central and eastern provinces was a point of contention in the negotiations some observers wondered whether hardline elements in the north would allow the treaty to proceed a final peace treaty was signed on january 9 2005 in nairobi the terms of the peace treaty are as follows the south will have autonomy for six years followed by a referendum on secession both sides of the conflict will merge their armed forces into a 39 000 strong force after six years if the secession referendum should turn out negative income from oil fields is to be shared evenly between north and south jobs are to be split according to varying ratios islamic law is to remain in the north while continued use of the sharia in the south is to be decided by the elected assembly islamization the decade of the 1990s also saw a top-down islamization of sudan under the national islamic front and hassan al-turby education was overhauled to focus on the glory of arab and islamic culture and memorizing the koran school uniforms were replaced with combat fatigues and students engaged in paramilitary drills religious police in the capital ensured that women were veiled especially in government offices and universities a relaxed political culture became much harsher with human rights groups alleging a proliferation of torture chambers known as ghost houses used by security agencies the war against the non-muslim south was declared a jihad on state television actors simulated weddings between jihad martyrs and heavenly virgins on state television turobi also gave asylum and assistance to non-sudanese jihadi including osama bin laden and other al-qaeda members recent history on august 31 2006 the united nations security council approved resolution 1706 to send a new peacekeeping force of 17300 to darfur in the following months however unmiss was not able to deploy to darfur due to the government of the sudan steadfast opposition to a peacekeeping operation undertaken solely by the united nations the u.n then embarked on an alternative innovative approach to try to begin stabilize the region through the phased strengthening of amos before transfer of authority to a joint african union slash united nations peacekeeping operation following prolonged and intensive negotiations with the government of the sudan and significant international pressure the government of the sudan finally accepted the peacekeeping operation in darfur in 2009 the international criminal court issued an arrest warrant for al-bashir accusing him of crimes against humanity and war crimes in 2009 and 2010 a series of conflicts between rival nomadic tribes in south cordophone caused a large number of casualties and displaced thousands an agreement for the restoration of harmony between chad and sudan signed january 15 2010 marked the end of a five-year war between them the sudanese government and the gem signed a ceasefire agreement ending the darfur conflict in february 2010 in january 2011 referendum on independence for southern sudan was held and the south voted overwhelmingly to secede later that year as the republic of south sudan with its capital at juba and kier mayardeed as its first president al-bashir announced that he accepted the result but violence soon erupted in the disputed region of a ba claimed by both the north and the south on june 6 2011 armed conflict broke out in south cordophone between the forces of northern and southern sudan ahead of the scheduled independence of the south on july 9. this followed an agreement for both sides to withdraw from a ba on june 20th the parties agreed to demilitarize the contested area of the ba where ethiopian peacekeepers will be deployed on july 9 2011 south sudan became an independent country in april 2019 sudan's president omar al-bashir was ousted after having ruled sudan for nearly 30 years president omar al-bashir seized power in a military coup in 1989. he was known as authoritarian and severe ruler the international criminal court accused him of war crimes during the darfur conflict after omar al-bashir main article 2019-2022 sudanese transition to democracy sudan sovereign council the military civilian body that is the highest power in the transitional government has ruled sudan since the fall of omar al-bashir prime minister abdullah hamdock is the civilian leader of the cabinet in october 2020 sudan made an agreement to normalize diplomatic relations with israel as part of the agreement the united states removed sudan from the u.s list of state sponsors of terrorism 2020 to 2021 ethiopian wars during the 2020-2021 tigray war sudan also became collaterally involved on december 18 2020 sudanese military would have been advancing towards the disputed ethiopia-sudan border area an epa report stated that the sudanese commander-in-chief abdel fattah al-buran visited the area egypt condemned the border attack by ethiopia on sudan and said that it stands in full solidarity with sudan and call for all measures to ensure that such events do not reoccur an epa report stated that on december 18 2020 the sudanese government has accused the ethiopian government of using artillery against sudanese troops conducting operations in the border area tensions have been rising between the two countries in recent weeks after sudan reoccupied land that it said was occupied by ethiopian farmers the government of ethiopia has so far not commented on the matter on december 18 2020 sudanese authorities were instructing recently arrived tigran refugees in hamada camp to dismantle and go to the mainland of sudan and fear of potential war between ethiopia and sudan on december 19 2020 tension between ethiopia and sudan was increasing sudan has sent more troops including rapid support forces and equipment to the border area support from the beni amar and al-hab tribes in the states of khasalah and judearth including food supplies and finances talks with ethiopia have stopped an epa report stated that on december 19 2020 sudan had captured eritrean soldiers dressed in amhara militia uniforms fighting along the sudan border alongside amhara special forces on december 20 2020 the sudanese army had regained control of jabal abu tyre in the disputed land on the ethiopia-sudan border heavy fighting between the sudanese military and the ethiopian national defense forces and amhara militia in mitama near the ethiopian sudanese border I hope you guys this Article will be informative for you we will see you soon in the next Article have a great day bye.
