THE WHOLE HISTORY OF NEPAL
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Welcome to countries facts so today in this Article I will show you the whole history of nepal is intertwined with the history of the broader indian subcontinent and the surrounding regions comprising the areas of south asia and east asia nepal is a multi-ethnic multi-racial multicultural multi-religious and multilingual country the most spoken language is nepali followed by several other ethnic languages the kingdom of nepal was established in 1768 and started a campaign of unifying all of nepal that would form modern territories of nepal some former territories had been lost due to the kingdom having participated in the sino-nepalese war which ended in both victory and loses ultimately accepting as a tribute state of qing dynasty of china from 1792 to 1865. the anglo-nepalese war ended in british victory and ceded some nepalese territory in a historical vote for the election of the constituent assembly the nepalese parliament voted to abolish the monarchy in june 2006. nepal became a federal republic on may 28 2008 and was formally renamed the federal democratic republic of nepal ending the 200-year old reign of the shah monarchs toponymy in a liquabi-era inscription found in t stung the local people have been addressed as the nipples experts are of the opinion that some or all of the inhabitants of nepal and the ancient period were likely called nepals which meant that the word nepal was used to refer to both the land and its population these nipples are considered the progenitors of modern day newers the terms nepal and nawar are variations of the same term other variants found in medieval texts are neper and newell the derivation of the word nepal is also the subject of a number of other theories the sanskrit word nepali means at the foot of the mountains or a boat at the foot nepal may be derived from this the tibetan word nyampal means holy land nepal may be derived from it some inhabitants of northern nepal came from tibet where they herded sheep and produced wall in tibetan knee means wool and pal means house thus nepal is house of wool a popular theory is that lucha people use the words knee and pal and thus nepal to describe a holy cave according to hindu mythology nepal derives its name from an ancient hindu sage called ni referred to variously as neem uni or nemi according to pashipati purana as a place protected by knee the country in the heart of the himalayas came to be known as nepal according to nepal mahatma nemi was charged with protection of the country by pashipati according to buddhist legend the deity manchester drained the water from nagada the valley became habitable and was ruled by bukhtam and a cow herder who took advice from a sage named knee polo means protector are taking care so nepal reflected the name of the sage who took care of the place according to nepali scholar rishikesh shah early ages pre-history prehistoric sites of paleolithic mesolithic and neolithic origins have been discovered in the siwalik hills of dang district the earliest inhabitants of modern nepal and adjoining areas are believed to be people from the indus valley civilization it is possible that the dravidian people whose history predates the onset of the bronze age in the indian subcontinent inhabited the area before the arrival of other ethnic groups like the tibeto-burmans and indo-aryans from across the border thirus tibeto-burmans who mixed heavily with indians in the southern regions are natives of the central turi region of nepal the first documented tribes in nepal are the kirit people who arrived into nepal from tibet roughly 4 000 to 4 500 years ago and moved into the kathmandu valley in southern parts of nepal before being made to retreat elsewhere by the invading likabes from india who ruled the kathmandu valley in modern day southern parts of nepal other ethnic groups of indo-aryan origin later migrated to southern part of nepal from indo-gangetic plain of northern india another possibility for the first people to have inhabited nepal of the kusunda people according to hoogsen the earliest inhabitants of nepal were perhaps the kusunda people probably of proto-australoid origin dot stella kram rish mentions a substratum of a race of pre dravidians and dravidians who were in nepal even before the newers who formed the majority of the ancient inhabitants of the valley of kathmandu legends and ancient times although very little is known about the early history of nepal legends and documented references reach far back to the 30th century bc also the presence of historical sites such as the valmiki ashram indicates the presence of sanatana hindu culture in parts of nepal at that period according to legendary accounts the early rulers of nepal were the gopalabamsi or cowherd dynasty who presumably ruled for about five centuries they are said to have been followed by the mahisa palabamza or buffalo herder dynasty established by a yadav named pool singh the shakya clan formed an independent oligarchic republican state known as the saki ghanaraja during the late vedic period and the later so-called second urbanization period its capital was koppel of ostew which may have been located either in present-day tiller cote nepal go to mabuda whose teachings became the foundation of buddhism was the best-known shakya he was known in his lifetime as siddhartha gotama and shakimuni he was the son of sutto donna the elected leader of the sakya ganaraja kirik dynasty the context of kirits ruling in nepal before likhabi dynasty and after mahaspal dynasty are depicted in different manuscripts delineating the area between the sun koshi and tamakoshi rivers as their native land the list of karate kings is also given in the gopal genealogy by defeating the last king of the avir dynasty bawan singh in a battle karate king yilang or yalambar had taken the regime of the valley under his control in hindu mythological perspective this event is believed to have taken place in the final phase of devapara yuga or initial phase of kali yuga or around the 6th century bc descriptions of 32 28 and 29 karate kings are found according to the gopal genealogy language genealogy and right genealogy respectively by means of the notices contained in the classics of the east and west the kearny people were living in their present whereabouts for the last two thousand to two thousand five hundred years with an extensive dominion possibly reaching at one time to the delta of the ganges liqabi dynasty the kings of the like hobby dynasty ruled what is the kathmandu valley in modern-day nepal after the kirits it is mentioned in some genealogies and piranhas that the surya bansik shri has had established a new regime by defeating the kirits the pashipati piranha mentions that the masters of baishali established their own regime by confiding curators with sweet words and defeating them in war similar contexts can be found in himbaconda which also mentions that the masters of aishali had started ruling in nepal by defeating carrots different genealogies state different names of the last karate king according to the gopal genealogy the lychaetus established their rule in nepal by defeating the last karate king kigu the list according to the language genealogy and gasty according to wright genealogy in 641 songs in gampo of the tibetan empire sends narendra deva back to liquavi with an army and subjugates nepal parts of nepal and liqabi was later under the direct influences of the tibetan empire sim roon dynasty the sim roon simeron karnat or dev dynasty originated with an establishment of a kingdom in 1097 ce headquartered at present-day simrunger and bharara district the kingdom controlled the areas today known as tirehood or mithila in nepal and bihar of india the rulers of simrunger were as follows nanya dev ruled 1097-1147 ce ganga dev ruled 1147 to 1187 ce nursing dev ruled 1187-1227 ce ram singh dev ruled 1227-1285 ce shaktising dev rule 1285-1295 ce harrison dev rule 1295-1324 ce in 1324 ce kiyasu din tuflak attacked simrunger and demolished the fort the remains are still scattered across the simranga region the king harris singh dev fled northwards where his son jagat singh dev was married to the widowed princess of bhaktapur nayak devi takari dynasty rule of the talkery kings the takari dynasty were rajputs after aaron udy who was mentioned in the kashmiri and chronicle the rajataurangani of kalana many takari kings ruled over parts of the country up to the middle of the 12th century ce rakaba deva is said to have founded a ruling dynasty in 879 ce when the like hobby rule came to an end to commemorate this important event ragavadeva started the nepal era which began on 20th of october 879 c after amsu varma who ruled from 605 ce onward the thackeries had lost power and they could regain it only in 869c ganakama deva after the death of king ragabat dev many takari kings ruled southern nepal up to the middle of the 12th century sea gunakama deva who ruled from 949 to 994ce commissioned the construction of a big wooden shelter built from the wood of a single tree called kasamandapa the name of the capital kathmandu is derived from this ganakama deva founded the town kantipur the tradition of indra jatra started during his reign temples to the north of the temple of pashupatinat were renovated in this period successors of gunakama dev bola deva succeeded ganakama deva the next ruler was laxmakama deva who ruled from 1024 to 1040c he built the laxmi bahara and introduced the tradition of worshiping the kumari young prepubescent girls believed to be manifestations of the divine female energy or debbie he was succeeded by his son vihaya akama deva who introduced the worship of the naga and basuki bihai kamadeva was the last ruler of this dynasty after his death the talkery clan of new waycotta occupied the throne of nepal new wake up talkery kings bhaskara deva a talkery from new waycott succeeded bihaya yakama deva and established the new wacott takari rule he is said to have built nabapahal and hemavarnavahara after bhaskara deva four kings of this line ruled over the country they were baladeva deva nagarjuna deva and shankara deva shankara deva was the most illustrious ruler of this dynasty he established the image of shanspara mahadeva and manahara bhagavati the custom of pasting the pictures of nagas and vasuki on the doors of houses on the day of naga panchami was introduced by him during his rule the buddhists wreaked vengeance on the hindu brahmanas for the harm they had received earlier from the shankaracharya shankara deva tried to pacify the brahmanas harassed by the buddhists surya bansi bamadeva a descendant of amsu varma defeated shankar deva in 1080 c he suppressed the new wake up thank curies with the help of nobles and restored the old solar dynasty rule in nepal for the second time harsha deva the successor of bamadeva was a weak ruler there was no unity among the nobles and they asserted themselves in their respective spheres of influence taking that opportunity nanya deva a karnat dynasty king attacked new waycott from simrunger the army successfully defended and won the battle shivadeva iii after harsha deva shivadava iii ruled from 1099 to 1126 ce he was a brave and powerful king he founded the town of kiritipur and roofed the temple of pashupati not with gold he introduced 25 pesa coins he also constructed wells canals and tanks at different places after shiba deva iii mahendra deva mana deva narendra david ii ananda deva rudra deva amrita deva rotna devatu samsbara deva ganakama deta 2 lake makama deva 3 and biha yakama deva 2 ruled nepal in quick succession historians differ about the rule of several kings in their respective times after the fall of the takari dynasty a new dynasty was founded by aradeva or ari mala known as the mala dynasty mallet dynasty early mala rule started with ari mala in the 12th century over the next two centuries his kingdom expanded widely into much of the indian subcontinent and western tibet before disintegrating into small principalities which later came to be known as the base rajya jais tidi mala with whom commences the later mala dynasty of the kathmandu valley began to reign at the end of the 18th century mala dynasty was the longest ruling dynasty in nepalese history ruling from the 12th century to the 18th century this era in the valley is eminent for the various social and economic reforms such as the sanskritization of the valley people new methods of land measurement and allocation etc in this era new forms of art and architecture was introduced the monuments in kathmandu valley which are listed in the unesco world heritage sites were built during mala rule in the 14th century before kathmandu was divided into three princely states aronico was sent to china upon the request of abaya mala for representing the skill of art and architecture and he introduced the pagoda style of architecture to china and subsequently whole of asia yuksha mala the grandson of jstidimala ruled the kathmandu valley until almost the end of the 15th century after his demise the valley was divided into three independent kingdoms kathmandu bhaktapur and bataan in about 1484 ce this division led the mala rulers into internessing clashes and wars for territorial and commercial gains mutually debilitating wars gradually weakened them which facilitated the conquest of the valley by pritby narayan shah of gorkha the last mala rulers were jaiya prakash mala tehan narasinga mala and ranjit mala of kathmandu bhattan and bhaktapur respectively shah dynasty unification of nepal prithvi narayan shah was the ninth generation descendant of trivia shah the founder of the ruling house of gorkha prithvi narayan shah succeeded his father nara bhapal shah to the throne of gorka in 1743 c king prithvi narayan shah was quite aware of the political situation of the valley kingdoms as well as of the bays and showbiz principalities he foresaw the need for unifying the small principalities as an urgent condition for survival in the future and set himself to the task accordingly his assessment of the situation among the hill principalities was correct and the principalities were subjugated fairly easily king prit b narayan shah's victory march began with the conquest of new waycott which lies between kathmandu and gorkha in 1744. after new waycott he occupied strategic points in the hills surrounding the kathmandu valley the valley's communications with the outside world were thus cut off the occupation of the cootie pass in about 1756 stopped the valley's trade with tibet finally prithvi narayan shah entered the valley after the victory in kirtipur king jaiya prakash mala of kathmandu sought help from the british and the then east india company sent a contingent of soldiers under captain kinlock in 1767. the british force was defeated and seen to lead by the gorkhali army this defeat of the british completely shattered the hopes of king jaiya prakashmala on september 25 1768 as the people of kathmandu were celebrating the festival of indra jatra the gorkhali army marched into the city pritby narayan shah sat on the throne put on the palace courtyard for the king of kathmandu proclaiming himself the king jaiya prakash mala somehow managed to escape and took asylum in baton when patan was captured a few weeks later both jaya prakash mala and taj narsing mala the king of patan took refuge in bhaktapur which was captured on the night of november 25 1769. the kathmandu valley was thus conquered by king prithvi narayan shah who proclaimed himself king with kathmandu as the royal capital of the kingdom of nepal king prithvi narayan shah was successful in bringing together diverse religious ethnic groups under one rule he was a true nationalist in his outlook and was in favor of adopting a closed-door policy with regards to the british not only his social and economic views guided the country's socio-economic course for a long time his use of the imagery i yam between two boulders and nepal's geopolitical context formed the principle guideline of the country's foreign policy for future centuries kingdom of nepal borka rule after decades of rivalry between the medieval kingdoms modern nepal was unified in the latter half of the 18th century when prithvi narayan shah the ruler of the small principality of gorkha formed a unified country from a number of independent hillhi states after the death of prithvi narayan shah the shah dynasty began to expand their kingdom into much of the indian subcontinent between 1788 and 1791 during the sino-nepalese war nepal invaded tibet and robbed tasha hunpo monastery in shigatsu alarmed the chianlong emperor of the chinese qing dynasty appointed fukongon commander-in-chief of the tibetan campaign fukongan signed a treaty to protect his troops thus attaining a draw tapa and panda dominance after 1800 the heirs of prithvi narayan shop proved unable to maintain firm political control over nepal a period of internal turmoil followed the rivalry between nepal and the british east india company over the princely states bordering nepal and british india eventually led to the anglo-nepalese war in which nepal suffered substantial losses due to lack of guns and ammunitions against the british indian forces with advanced weapons the treaty of chagalli was signed in 1816 seating large parts of the nepalese-controlled territories to the british in 1860 some parts of western turi known as naya mulik was restored to nepal the four noble families involved largely in the act of politics of the kingdom were the shah rulers the thappas the basniats and the pans before the rise of the rana dynasty from beginning to the mid of 18th century the thapas and pans had extreme dominance over nepalese darbar politics alternatively contesting for central power amongst each other rana rule young bahadur rana was the first ruler from this dynasty rana rulers were titled sri teen and maharaja whereas shock kings were shri panch and maharaja tiraja bahadura codified laws and modernized the state's bureaucracy dot in the coup d'etat of 1846 the nephews of young bahadur and ranadip singh murdered ranadip singh and the sons of young bahadur adopted the name of young bahadur and took control of nepal nine rana rulers took the hereditary office of prime minister all were styled maharaja of long jung and koski the rana regime a tightly centralized autocracy pursued a policy of isolating nepal from external influences this policy helped nepal maintain its independence during the british colonial era but it also impeded the country's economic development and modernization the ramos were staunchly pro-british and assisted the british during the indian rebellion of 1857 and later in both world wars at the same time despite of chinese claims the british supported nepalese independence at the beginning of the 20th century in december 1923 britain and nepal formally signed a treaty of perpetual peace and friendship superseding the chagalli treaty of 1816 and upgrading the british resident in kathmandu to an envoy slavery was abolished in nepal in 1924 under premiership of chandra sam sharjang bahadur rana following the german invasion of poland the kingdom of nepal declared war on germany on september 4 1939. once japan entered the conflict 16 battalions of the nepali army fought on the burmese front in addition to military support nepal contributed guns equipment as well as hundreds of thousands of pounds of tea sugar and raw materials such as timber to the allied war effort revolution of 1951 the revolution of 1951 started when dissatisfaction against the family rule of the rana started emerging from among the few educated people who had studied in various south asian schools and colleges and also from within the ranas many of whom were marginalized within the ruling rana hierarchy many of these nepalese in exile had actively taken part in the indian independent struggle and wanted to liberate nepal as well from the autocratic rana occupation the political parties such as the praja parishad and nepali congress were already formed in exile by leaders such as bp korala ganesh man singh subarna samsharana krishna prasad bhattarai gurija prasad koirola and many other patriotic-minded nepalis who urged the military and popular political movement in nepal to overthrow the autocratic rana regime the nepali congress also formed a military-winged nepali congress's liberation army among the prominent martyrs to die for the cause executed at the hands of the ranas were dharma bhakta matama shukaraj shastri gangalal shrestha and dashareth chand who were the members of the prajaparisad this turmoil culminated in king tribune a direct descendant of prithvi narayan shah fleeing from his palace prison in 1950 to india touching off an armed revolt against the rana administration this eventually ended in the return of the shah family to power in the appointment of a non-rana's prime minister following a tripartite agreement signed called delhi compromise a period of quasi-constitutional rule followed during which the monarch assisted by the leaders of fledgling political parties governed the country during the 1950s efforts were made to frame a constitution for nepal that would establish a representative form of government based on a british model a 10-member cabinet under prime minister mohan shamsher with five members of the rana family and five of the nepali congress was formed this government drafted a constitution called the interim government act which was the first constitution of nepal but this government failed to work in consensus as the ranas and congressmen were never on good terms so on november 16 1951 the king formed a new government of 14 ministers under matrika prasad koirola which was later dissolved royal coup by king mahendra the first democratic elections were held in 1959 and bp korala was elected prime minister but declaring parliamentary democracy of failure king mahendra carried out a royal coup 18 months later in 1960 he dismissed the elected koirola government declared that a partyless system would govern nepal and promulgated a new constitution on december 16 1960. subsequently the elected prime minister members of parliament and hundreds of democratic activists were arrested the new constitution established a partyless panchayat system which king mahendra considered to be a democratic form of government closer to nepalese traditions as a pyramidal structure progressing from village assemblies to the rastria panchayat the panchayat system constitutionalized the absolute power of the monarch and kept the king as head of state with sole authority over all governmental institutions including the cabinet and the parliament one state one language became the national policy in an effort to carry out state unification uniting various ethnic and regional groups into a singular nepali nationalist bond the bakka village campaign launched in 1967 was one of the main world development programs of the panchayat system king mahenter was succeeded by his 27 year old son king barandra in 1972 amid student demonstrations and anti-regime activities in 1979 king beranger called for a national referendum to decide on the nature of nepal's government either the continuation of the panchayat system along with democratic reforms or the establishment of a multi-party system the referendum was held in may 1980 and the panchayat system gained a narrow victory the king carried out the promised reforms including selection of the prime minister by the rastria pantheon multi-party democracy people in rural areas had expected that their interests would be better represented after the adoption of parliamentary democracy in 1990. the nepali congress with the support of the united left front decided to launch a decisive agitational movement the janna and dolan which forced the monarchy to accept constitutional reforms and to establish a multi-party parliament in may 1991 nepal held its first parliamentary elections in nearly 50 years the nepali congress won 110 of the 205 seats and formed the first elected government in 32 years civil strikes in 1992 in a situation of economic crisis and chaos with spiraling prices as a result of the implementation of changes in policy of the new congress government the radical left stepped up their political agitation a joint people's agitation committee was set up by the various groups a general strike was called for april 6 violent incidents began to occur on the eve of the strike the joint people's agitation committee had called for a 30-minute lights out in the capital and violence erupted outside deer hospital when activists tried to enforce the lights out at dawn on april 6 clashes between strike activists and police outside a police station in pulcock lollypoor which left two activists dead later in the day a mass rally of the agitation committee at tundikal in the capital kathmandu was attacked by police forces as a result riots broke out and the nepal telecommunications building was set on fire police opened fire at the crowd killing several persons the human rights organization of nepal estimated that 14 persons including several onlookers had been killed in police firing when promised land reforms failed to appear people in some districts started to organize to enact their own land reform and to gain some power over their lives in the face of usurious landlords however this movement was repressed by the nepali government in operation romeo and operation kilo sera 2 which took the lives of many of the leading activists of the struggle as a result many witnesses to this repression became radicalized nepalese civil war in march 1997 the communist party of nepal started a bid to replace the parliamentary monarchy with the new people's democratic republic through a maoist revolutionary strategy known as the people's war which led to the nepalese civil war led by dr babaram bhattarai and pushpa kamal the hall the insurgency began in five districts in nepal ropa rukum jarcot gorka and sinduli the communist party of nepal established a provisional people's government at the district level in several locations on june 1 2001 prince dipendra went on a shooting spree assassinating nine members of the royal family including king virendra and queen aishwarya before shooting himself due to his survival he temporarily became king before dying of his wounds after which prince gyanendra inherited the throne as per tradition meanwhile the rebellion escalated and in october 2002 the king temporarily deposed the government and took complete control of it a week later he reappointed another government but the country was still very unstable in the face of unstable governments and a siege on the kathmandu valley in august 2004 popular support for the monarchy began to wane on february 1 2005 king gyanendra dismissed the entire government and assumed full executive powers declaring a state of emergency to quash the revolution politicians were placed under house arrest phone and internet lines were cut and freedom of the press was severely curtailed the king's new regime made little progress in his stated aim to suppress the insurgents municipal elections in february 2006 were described by the european union as a backward step for democracy as the major parties boycotted the election and some candidates were forced to run for office by the army in april 2006 strikes and street protests in kathmandu forced the king to reinstate the parliament a seven-party coalition resumed control of the government and stripped the king of most of his powers on december 24 2007 seven parties including the former maoist rebels and the ruling party agreed to abolish the monarchy and declare nepal a federal republic in the elections held on april 10 2008 the maoist secured a simple majority with the prospect of forming a government to rule the proposed republic of nepal federal democratic republic on may 28 2008 the newly elected constituent assembly declared nepal a federal democratic republic abolishing the 240 year old monarchy the motion for the abolition of the monarchy was carried by a huge majority out of 564 members present in the assembly 560 voted for the motion while four members voted against it on june 11 2008 the deposed king gyanendra left the palace rambaran yadav of the nepali congress became the first president of the federal democratic republic of nepal on july 23 2008. similarly the constituent assembly elected pushpa kamal the hall of the unified communist party of nepal as the first prime minister of the republic on august 15 2008. favoring him over sharbaha durduba of the nepali congress after failing to draft a constitution before the deadline the existing constituent assembly was dissolved by the government on may 28 2012 and a new interim government was formed under the premiership of the chief justice of nepal keel raj regni in the constituent assembly election of november 2013 the nepali congress won the largest share of the votes but failed to get a majority the cpn and the nepali congress negotiated to form a consensus government and sushil koirola of the nepali congress was elected as prime minister the constitution of nepal was finally adopted on september 20 2015. on april 25 2015 a devastating earthquake of moment magnitude of 7.8 mw killed nearly 9 000 people and injured nearly 22 000. it was the worst natural disaster to strike the country since the 1934 nepal bihar earthquake the earthquake also triggered an avalanche on mount everest killing 21. centuries-old buildings including the unesco world heritage sites in the kathmandu valley were destroyed a major aftershock occurred on may 12 2015 at 12 50 nst with a moment magnitude of 7.3 killing more than 200 people and over 2500 were injured by this aftershock and many were left homeless these events led to a major humanitarian crisis which affected the reconstruction after the earthquake protests over the constitution minority ethnic groups like madeshi and taru protested vigorously against the constitution which came into effect on september 20 2015. they pointed out that their concerns had not been addressed and there were few explicit protections for their ethnic groups in the document at least 56 civilians in 11 police died in clashes over the constitution in response to the madeshi protests india suspended vital supplies to landlocked nepal citing insecurity and violence in border areas the then prime minister of nepal kp sharma oli publicly accused india for the blockade calling the act more inhumane than war india has denied enacting the blockade the blockade choked imports of not only petroleum but also medicines and earthquake relief material the then united nations secretary-general ban ki-moon alleged that the denial of petroleum and medicine to nepal constituted a violation of human rights adding to the humanitarian crisis since 2017 to present in june 2017 nepali congress leader shar bahadur duba was elected the 40th prime minister of nepal succeeding prime minister and chairman of cpn pushpa kamal dahal dupa had been previously prime minister from 1995 to 1997 from 2001 to 2002 and from 2004 to 2005. in november 2017 nepal had first general election since the civil war ended and the monarchy was abolished the main alternatives were centrist nepali congress party and the alliance of former maoist rebels and the communist uml party the alliance of communists won the election and uml leader kaka prasad sharma oli was sworn in february 2018 as the new prime minister he had previously been prime minister since 2015 until 2016.I hope u guys this Article will be informative for you we will see you soon in the next one God bless You.
