The History of Venezuela

THE WHOLE HISTORY OF VENEZUELA 

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Welcome to countries facts so today in this Article I will show you the whole history of venezuela reflects events in areas of the americas colonized by spain starting 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples led by native kazakhs such as goya caiporo and tamanako however in the andean region of western venezuela complex andean civilization of the timotoku people flourished before european contact in 1811 it became one of the first spanish-american colonies to declare independence which was not securely established until 1821 when venezuela was a department of the federal republic of grand columbia it gained full independence as a separate country in 1830. during the 19th century venezuela suffered political turmoil and autocracy remaining dominated by regional caudillos until the mid-20th century since 1958 the country has had a series of democratic governments economic shocks in the 1980s and 1990s led to several political crises including the deadly caracazo riots of 1989 two attempted coups in 1992 and the impeachment of president carlos andres perez for embezzlement of public funds in 1993 a collapsing confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election of former coup involved career officer hugo chavez and the launch of the bolivarian revolution beginning with a 1999 constituent assembly to write a new constitution of venezuela this new constitution officially changed the name of the country to republica believe ariana to venezuela pre-columbian period in venezuela archaeologists have discovered evidence of the earliest known inhabitants of the venezuelan area in the form of leaf-shaped flake tools together with chopping and plano convex scraping implements exposed on the high riverine terraces of the pedregal river in western venezuela late pleistocene hunting artifacts including spear tips come from a similar site in northwestern venezuela known as el jobo according to radiocarbon dating these date from 15 000 to 9000 bp time etima yellow muico and el jobo and falcon are some of the sites that have yielded archaeological material from these times these groups co-existed with megafauna-like megateriums glyptodonts and toxodents archaeologists identify a meso-indian period from about 9000 to 7000 bp to 1000 bp in this period hunters and gatherers of megafauna started to turn to other food sources and established the first tribal structures pre-columbian venezuela had an estimated population of 1 million in addition to indigenous peoples known today the population included historic groups such as the kalina kequishio ike maurice and tomoto cuicas the tomotokuika culture was the most complex society in pre-columbian venezuela with pre-planned permanent villages surrounded by irrigated terrorist fields and with tanks for water storage their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs they were peaceful for the most part and depended on growing crops regional crops included potatoes and oleucos they left behind works of art particularly anthropomorphic ceramics but no major monuments they spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and nats for housing they are credited with having invented the arepa a staple of venezuelan cuisine beginning around 1000 a.d archaeologists speak of the neo-indian period which ends with the european conquest and colony period in the 16th century when spanish colonization began in venezuelan territory the population of several indigenous peoples such as the marriages declined native cassix such as guayakiboro and tamanako attempted to resist spanish incursions but the newcomers ultimately subdued them historians agree that the founder of caracas diego de losada ultimately put tamanako to death spanish rule christopher columbus sailed along the eastern coast of venezuela on his third voyage in 1498 the only one of his four voyages to reach the south american mainland this expedition discovered the so-called pearl islands of cuba and margarita off the northeastern coast of venezuela later spanish expeditions returned to exploit these island's abundant pearl oysters enslaving the indigenous people of the islands and harvesting the pearls intensively they became one of the most valuable resources of the incipient spanish empire in the americas between 1508 and 1531 by which time the local indigenous population and the pearl oysters had been devastated the second spanish expedition led by alonso de ojeda sailing along the length of the northern coast of south america in 1499 gave the name venezuela to the gulf of venezuela because of its perceived similarity to the italian city spain's colonization of mainland venezuela started in 1502 spain established its first permanent south american settlement in what became the city of kumana at the time of the spanish arrival indigenous people lived mainly in groups as agriculturists and hunters along the coast in the andean mountain range and along the oronoco river klein venatic was the most significant part of the german colonization of the americas from 1528 to 1546 in which the augsburg-based welsh banking family obtained colonial rights in the province of venezuela in return for debts owed by charles the first of spain the primary motivation was the search for the legendary golden city of el dorado the venture was led at first by ambrosius edinger who founded mark ibo in 1529 after the deaths of first aingear and then his successor georg von speyer phillip von hooden continued exploration in the interior and in his absence from the capital of the province the crown of spain claimed the right to appoint the governor upon houdin's return to the capital santa ana decoro in 1546 the spanish governor wanda carvajal had hooton and bartholomew's thigh well sir executed charles the first later revoked welser's charter by the middle of the 16th century not many more than 2 000 europeans lived in the region that became venezuela the opening of gold mines in 1632 at yara kui led to the introduction of slavery at first involving the indigenous population then imported africans the first real economic success of the colony involved the raising of livestock much helped by the grassy plains known as llanos the society that developed as a result a handful of spanish landowners and widely dispersed native herdsmen on spanish introduced horses recalls primitive feudalism certainly a powerful concept in the 16th century spanish imagination that bears comparison and economic terms with the latifundia of antiquity during the 16th and 17th centuries the cities that constitute today's venezuela suffered relative neglect the viceroyalties of new spain and peru showed more interest in their nearby gold and silver mines than in the remote agricultural societies of venezuela responsibility for the venezuelan territories shifted to and between the two viceroyalties in the 18th century a second venezuelan society formed along the coast with the establishment of cocoa plantations manned by much larger importations of african slaves quite a number of black slaves also worked in the haciendas of the gracilanos most of the amerindians who still survived had perforce migrated to the plains and jungles to the south where only spanish friars took an interest in them especially the franciscans or capuchins who compiled grammars and small lexicons for some of their languages the most important friar mission developed in santa may in the guayana region the province of venezuela came under the jurisdiction of the viceroyalty of new granada the province became the captaincy general of venezuela in 1777. the compagnia gaipas koana de caracas held a close monopoly on trade with europe the guy pas koana company stimulated the venezuelan economy especially in fostering the cultivation of cacao beans which became venezuela's principal export it opened venezuelan ports to foreign commerce but this recognized a fat accompli like no other spanish-american dependency venezuela had more contacts with europe through the british and french islands in the caribbean in an almost surreptitious the legal manner caracas had become an intellectual powerhouse from 1721 it had its own university which taught latin medicine and engineering apart from the humanities its most illustrious graduate andres bello became the greatest spanish-american polymath of his time in chicago a town to the east of caracas there flourished a school of music whose director jose angel lamas produced a few but impressive compositions according with the strictest 18th century european canons later on the development of the education system is one of the reasons why distribution began to improve venezuelan independence word of spain's troubles in 1808 in the napoleonic wars soon reached caracas but only on april 19 1810 did its cabildo decide to follow the example set by the spanish provinces two years earlier on july 5 1811 seven of the ten provinces of the captaincy general of venezuela declared their independence in the venezuelan declaration of independence the first republic of venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 caracas earthquake and the battle of la victoria simon bolivar led an admirable campaign to retake venezuela establishing the second republic of venezuela in 1813 but this did not last either falling to a combination of a local uprising and spanish royalist reconquest only as part of bolivar's campaign to liberate new granada in 1819 20 did venezuela achieve a lasting independence from spain on december 17 1819 the congress of angus dura declared grand colombia an independent country after two more years of war the country achieved independence from spain in 1821 under the leadership of its most famous son simon bolivar venezuela along with the present-day countries of colombia panama and ecuador formed part of the republic of grand columbia until 1830 when venezuela became a separate sovereign country the first republic some venezuelans began to grow resistant to colonial control towards the end of the 18th century spain's neglect of its venezuelan colony contributed to venezuelan intellectuals increased seal for learning the colony had more external sources of information than other more important spanish dependencies not excluding the viceroyalties although one should not belabor this point for only the mantuanos had access to a solid education the mantuano showed themselves presumptuous overbearing and zealous in affirming their privileges against the pardo majority of the population the first organized conspiracy against the colonial regime in venezuela occurred in 1797 organized by manuel gual and jose maria espana it took direct inspiration from the french revolution but was put down with the collaboration of the manchuinos because it promoted radical social changes european events sowed the seats of venezuela's declaration of independence the napoleonic wars in europe not only weakened spain's imperial power but also put britain on the side of the independence movement in may 1808 napoleon demanded and received the abdication of ferdinand vii of spain and the confirmation of the abdication of ferdinand's father charles iv napoleon then appointed as king of spain his own brother joseph bonaparte that marked the beginning of spain's own war of independence from french hegemony and partial occupation before the spanish-american wars of independence even began the focal point of spanish political resistance the supreme central hunter was formed to govern in the name of ferdinand the first major defeat that napoleonic france suffered occurred at the battle of bilen in andalusia despite this spanish victory the french soon regained the initiative and advanced into southern spain the spanish government had to retreat to the island redoubt of cadiz here the supreme central hunter dissolved itself and set up a five-person regency to handle the affairs of state until the deputies of the cortes of cotties could convene word of spain's troubles in 1808 in the napoleonic wars soon reached caracas but only on april 19 1810 did its cabildo decide to follow the example set by the spanish provinces two years earlier other provincial capitals barcelona kumana merida and trujillo among them followed suit although the new hunter of caracas had self-appointed elite members who claimed to represent the pardos the new government eventually faced the challenge of maintaining the alliance with the pardos given recent history these groups still had grievances against the manchuinos a segment of the manchuino saw the setting up of the hunter as a step towards outright independence on july 5th 1811 seven of the ten provinces of the captaincy general of venezuela declared their independence in the venezuelan declaration of independence the venezuelan war of independence ensued it ran concurrently with that of new granada the first republic of venezuela was lost in 1812 following the 1812 caracas earthquake and the battle of la victoria the campaign of 1813 and the second republic bolivar arrived in cartagena and was well received as he was later in bogota where he joined the army of the united provinces of new granada he recruited a force and invaded venezuela from the southwest by crossing the andes his chief lieutenant was the head strong jose felix ribas in trujillo and andean province bolivar emitted his infamous decree of war to the death with which he hoped to get the pardos and any manchuaneau who was having second thoughts on his side at the time that bolivar was victorious in the west santiago mourinho and manuel pr aparto from the dutch island of curacao were successfully fighting royalists in eastern venezuela quickly losing ground monteverde took refuge in puerto caballo and bolivar occupied caracas re-establishing the republic on august 6 1813 with two states one in the west headed by bolivar and one in the east headed by mourinho but neither the successful invasions nor bolivar's decree were provoking a massive enrollment of pardos and the cause of independence rather it was the other way around in the llanos a populist spanish immigrant caudillo jose tomas above initiated a widespread pardo movement against the restored republic bolivar and rabbis held and defended the manchuino controlled center of venezuela in the east the royalists started recovering territory after suffering a setback mourinho and bolivar joined their forces but they were defeated by bob in 1814 republicans were forced to evacuate caracas and flee to the east where in the port of carupano pr was still holding out pr however did not accept bolivar supreme command and once again believe our left venezuela and went to new granada graham colombia and bolivar's campaign to liberate new granada in spain in 1820 liberal sections of the military under rafael del rieco established a constitutional monarchy which precluded new spanish invasions of america before his recall to spain mourinho signed a truce with bolivar mourinho left miguel de la torre in command of the royalist forces the truce ended in 1821 and in bolivar's campaign to liberate new granada bolivar had all available forces converge on cara bobo a hilly plane near valencia to face delatorian morales the defeat of the spanish right in the battle of cara bobo which is credited to the british legions whose commander thomas ferrier fell decided the battle the general morales with the remnants of the royalists tried to resist in porto caballo after cara bobo a congress met in kukuta santander's birthplace and approved a federalist constitution for grand colombia subsequent battles included a key naval victory for the independence forces on july 24 1823 at the battle of lake maracaibo and in november 1823 jose antonio pius occupied porto cabello the last royalist stronghold in venezuela independence from grand colombia in venezuela nominally a province of gran colombia jose antonio pius backed by the former manchuinos initiated the separation of venezuela in 1826. bolivar returned posthaste to bogota where vice president santander complained about venezuelan insubordination bolivar traveled to caracas and seemingly put pious in his place sucre left bolivia the same year santander expressed disappointment and furthermore opposed bolivar's plans to implant the bolivian constitution in great colombia for which a convention was convoked by bolivar in the town of akana thus began the rivalry between santander and bolivar in 1828 in view of the political opposition he faced both in venezuela and in new grenada and because his great colombia had started to disintegrate bolivar named himself dictator he escaped an assassination attempt with the help of his mistress manuela's a pardo woman from quito santander was exiled but jose prudencio padilla the pardo general who had helped corner morales after cara bobo in the battle of maracaibo lake was executed for treason the emboldened peruvians invaded guayaquil bolivar had to return to quito in 1829 to repulse them which didn't take much doing for the invasion had petered out before bolivar arrived back in bogota bolivar pleaded for unity and though he had offered to resign various times during his career this time when great colombia had a new constitution and a president joaquin mascara bolivar finally did resign in 1830. at that point pius not only had declared the second independence of venezuela but also had promoted a campaign of vetuperation against bolivar seeing the state of things keto followed suit under venezuelan general juan jose flores and sucre was assassinated while riding alone through a thick forest on his way to that city a downcast bolivar rode to the coast with the intention of leaving the country but he was exhausted and very sick he died near santa marta in colombia at the age of 47. 1830-1908 following the venezuelan war of independence venezuela initially won independence from the spanish empire as part of grand colombia internal tensions led to the dissolution of grand colombia in 1830-31 with venezuela declaring independence in 1831. for the rest of the 19th century independent venezuela saw a range of cadillacs compete for power leading political figures include jose antonio pius antonio guzman blanco and cipriano castro in a succession of rebellions the federal war was particularly bloody and saw the establishment of the modern system of states of venezuela the start of the 20th century saw several notable international crises the venezuela crisis of 1895 under joaquin crespo and the venezuela crisis of 1902-1903 under cipriano castro 1908-1958 el triano a deco el triennio a deco was a three-year period in venezuelan history from 1945 to 1948 under the government of the popular party democratic action the party gained office via the 1945 venezuelan coup d'etat against president isis medina ongarita and held the first elections with universal suffrage in venezuelan history the 1947 venezuelan general election saw democratic action formally elected to office but it was removed from office shortly after in the 1948 venezuelan coup d'etat there was no particular incident that set off the bloodless 1948 coup which was led by carlos delgado shall bod there was no popular opposition this might have meant that the odds were too great or that the general populace had not noticed any particular improvement in their lives despite the incessant government propaganda all prominent decos were expelled the other parties were allowed but muzzled 1948 to 1958 venezuela saw 10 years of military dictatorship from 1948 to 1958. after the 1948 venezuelan coup d'etat brought an end to the three-year experiment in democracy a triumvirate of military personnel controlled the government until 1952 when it held presidential elections these were free enough to produce results unacceptable to the government leading them to be falsified into one of the three leaders marcos perez jimenez assuming the presidency his government was brought to an end by the 1958 venezuelan coup d'etat which saw the advent of democracy with a transitional government under admiral wolfgang lara fabal in place until the december 1958 elections prior to the elections three of the main political parties signed up to the punto fiho-pact power sharing agreement 1958-1999 serving as president from 1974 to 1979 carlos andres perez proved less generous with handouts than previously despite being elected after a populist anti-neo-liberal campaign during which he described the imf as a neutron bomb that killed people but left building standing and painted world bank economists as genocide workers in the pay of economic totalitarianism he had become a closet liberalizer and globalizer moises naim later an influential journalist in the united states and the editor of the journal foreign policy served as perez's economic advisor and defined the presidential economic agenda which included no price controls privatizations and laws to attract foreign investment nyein began at the lowest rung of economic liberalization which was freeing controls on prices and a 10 increase in the cost of gasoline which in venezuela is sacrosanctly very low the increase in petrol price fed into a 30 increase in fares for public transportation in february 1989 barely into his second term perez faced a popular uprising which he had the army crush with a death toll of 276 according to government officials it is known as the caracazo where the rioting and looting took place on an unforeseen scale the mbr officers started plotting seriously and on february 4 1992 they struck chavez was a lieutenant colonel but generals were involved in the coup attempt they saw as their first priority to capture perez who had recently returned from a junket they almost had him cornered in the presidential palace but he managed to escape to the presidential residence and from there he got loyal troops to corner chavez in turn and to arrest him in exchange for prompting his co-conspirators to lay down their arms chavez fully uniformed and unbowed gained permission to speak on television to the entire nation this led to quite some discussion after he said his objectives had not yet been reached several civilians and military were killed during the uprising on november 27 1992 officers of higher ranked than chavez tried to overthrow perez but on this occasion the authorities suppressed the conspiracy easily perez's downfall came when a legal process was begun to force him to reveal how he had used a secret but legal presidential fund which he resolutely resisted with the supreme court and congress ranged against him perez was imprisoned for a while in a detention center then later under house arrest in 1993 perez handed over the presidency to ramon j velasquez and a deco politician historian who had been his presidential secretary though nobody has charged velasquez with corruption his son became involved in an illegal pardon for drug traffickers but was not charged velasquez oversaw the elections of 1993 and these were at once familiar and unique second caldera administration caldera who had been candidate for the presidency six times and won once wanted another go but copay resisted led by herrera campaigns and caldera founded his own brand new political movement called convergencia copay chose a mediocrity from within its ranks the addecos chose claudio for mean p kopp had seen the futility of trying again and backed caldera even velasquez got into the act when the returns were in caldera one and in the process shattered the strict bipolarity thesis abstentions reached a record of 40 percent the main reason caldera who was 76 years old one was in essence the same as for perez's victory in 1973 everybody knew him and the middle classes probably decisive for the only time in venezuela's history thought that he could do the miracle that had been expected of perez that is in some manner to get the country back on track to the good old times once back in the presidential palace caldera confronted the venezuelan banking crisis of 1994. he reimposed exchange controls which perez's administration had lifted as part of a general financial liberalization the economy had suffered under the falling oil price which led to a collapse in government revenues the steel corporation sitter was privatized and the economy continued to plummet fulfilling an election promise caldera released chavez and pardoned all the military and civilian conspirators during the perez regime the economic crisis continued and by the 1998 elections the traditional political parties had become extremely unpopular an initial front-runner for the presidency in late 1997 was irene syez ultimately hugo chavez-prios was elected president 1999 present chavez and the bolivarian revolution chavez a former paratroop lieutenant colonel who had led an unsuccessful coup d'etat in 1992 was elected president in december 1998 on a platform that called for the creation of a fifth republic a new constitution a new name and a new set of relations between socio-economic classes in 1999 voters approved a referendum on a new constitution and in 2000 re-elected chavez also placing many members of his fifth republic movement party in the national assembly supporters of chabas call the process symbolized by him the bolivarian revolution and were organized into different government-funded groups including the bolivarian circles in april 2002 chavez was briefly ousted from power in the 2002 venezuelan coup d'etat attempt following actions by some of the military and media and demonstrations by the minority opposition but he was returned to power after two days as a result of demonstrations by the majority of the public in actions by most of the military chavez also remained in power after a national strike that lasted more than two months in december 2002 february 2003 including a strike slash lockout in the state oil company pdbsa in an august 2004 recall referendum he was elected for another term in december 2006. in december 2007 in a constitutional referendum chavez suffered his first electoral defeat when the voters rejected constitutional changes proposed by the president some of which would have increased the power of the presidency the referendum saw a very high level of abstention by the standards of recent polls in venezuela however in february 2009 chavez called another referendum proposing the removal of term limits for all elected officials the referendum took place on february 15 2009 and was approved the 2010 parliamentary election saw a new opposition electoral coalition the coalition for democratic unity win nearly as large a share of the vote as the united socialist party of venezuela but with only 65 seats compared to subs 98. the election was preceded by an electoral reform that favored self by giving more weight to the countryside the 2012 presidential election saw hugo chavez re-elected by a substantial margin but he died in office in early 2013. he was succeeded by nicolas maduro nicolas maduro president nicolas maduro was formally inaugurated as president of venezuela on 19th of april after the election commission had promised a full audit of the election results on may 13 2013 president maduro initiated one of his first plans plan patria segura a year after the plan was initiated no changes in crime had been reported since murder rates throughout the country remained the same in october 2013 maduro requested an enabling law to rule by decree in order to fight corruption and to also fight what he called an economic bear on 24th of october he also announced the creation of a new agency the vice ministry of supreme happiness to coordinate all social programs in november 2013 weeks before the local elections president maduro used his special decree powers and ordered the military to take over appliance stores analysts said that the move amounted to a cannibalizing of the economy and that it might lead to even more shortages in the future an article by the guardian noted that a significant proportion of the subsidized basic goods in short supply were being smuggled into colombia and sold for far higher prices in february 2014 the government said it had confiscated more than 3 500 tons of contraband on the border with colombia food and fuel which it said was intended for smuggling or speculation the president of the national assembly diastato caballo said that the confiscated food should be given to the venezuelan people and should not be in the hands of these gangsters opposition wins parliamentary elections in the 2015 venezuelan parliamentary election the opposition gained a majority however on march 30 2017 the supreme court of venezuela announced that since the parliament was in contempt of its rulings the court would assume legislative duties whilst the recession which venezuela entered in 2014 was precipitated by policy failures a collapse of the price of oil exacerbated the problem economic conditions continued to deteriorate in 2016 when consumer prices rose 800 and the gross domestic product contracted by 18.6 causing hunger to escalate to the point that the venezuela's living conditions survey found nearly 75 of the population had lost an average of at least 19 pounds in 2016 due to a lack of proper nutrition luis almagro secretary general of the organization of american states stated i have never seen a country going down so fast at every level politically economically socially following the 2017 venezuelan constitutional crisis and the push to ban potential opposition presidential candidate henrik capriles from politics for 15 years protests grew to their most combative since they began in 2014. on may 1 2017 following a month of protests that resulted in at least 29 dead maduro called for a constituent assembly that would draft a new constitution that would replace the 1999 venezuela constitution he invoked article 347 and stated that his call for a new constitution was necessary to counter the actions of the opposition the members of the constituent assembly were not be elected in open elections but selected from social organizations loyal to maduro it would also allow him to stay in power during the interregnum and skip the 2018 presidential elections as the process would take at least two years the opposition started a common front for all the people in venezuela that oppose the amendment on june 20 2017 president of the national assembly julio borges the opposition-led legislative body of venezuela announced the activations of articles 333 and 350 of the venezuelan constitution in order to establish new parallel government constituent assembly elections were held on july 30 2017. the decision to hold the election was criticized by members of the international community with over 40 countries along with supernational bodies such as the european union murcos and the organization of american states condemning and failing to recognize the election stating it would only further escalate tensions president maduro's allies such as bolivia cuba el salvador nicaragua russia and syria discouraged foreign intervention in venezuelan politics and congratulated the president the 2017 constituent assembly of venezuela was officially sworn in on august 4 2017. on august 11 2017 u.s president donald trump said that he is not going to rule out a military option to confront the autocratic government of nicolas maduro and the deepening crisis in venezuela venezuela's defense minister vladimir putrino immediately criticized trump for his statement calling it an act of supreme extremism and an act of madness the venezuelan communications minister ernesto biegas said trump's words amounted to an unprecedented threat to national sovereignty re-election of nicolas maduro on may 20 2018 president nicolas maduro won the presidential election amidst allegations of massive irregularities by his main rivals despite encouragement to resign as president when his first term expired on january 10 2019 president maduro was inaugurated by michael moreno chief justice of the supreme tribunal of venezuela this resulted in widespread condemnation minutes after taking oath the organization of american states approved a resolution in a special session of its permanent council in which maduro was declared illegitimate as president of venezuela urging that new elections be summoned the national assembly invoked a state of emergency and some nations removed their embassies from venezuela with their belief that his election was illegitimate they claimed that by retaking power maduro was converting venezuela into an illegitimate de facto dictatorship additionally on january 23 2019 the president of the national assembly juan guido was declared the interim president by that body guido was immediately recognized as the legitimate president by several nations including the united states and the lima group as well as the organization of american states maduro disputed guado's claim and broke off diplomatic ties with several nations who recognized guido's claim on february 21 2019 nicolas maduro ordered the closing of his country's border with brazil on 23rd of february trucks carrying humanitarian aid from colombia and brazil attempted to enter venezuelan territory two trucks was set on fire on the francisco de paula santander international bridge guido has been recognized as the acting president of venezuela by about 60 countries internationally support has followed traditional geopolitical lines with allies china cuba iran russia syria and turkey supporting maduro while the majority of western and latin american countries support guido as acting president support for guido has declined since a failed military uprising attempt in april 2019 following increased international sanctions throughout 2019 the maduro government abandoned socialist policies established by chavez such as price and currency controls which resulted in the country seeing a rebound from economic decline in a november 2019 interview with jose vicente rangel president nicolas maduro described dollarization as an escape valve that helps the recovery of the country the spread of productive forces in the country and the economy however maduro said that the venezuelan bolivar will still remain as the national currency.
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