THE WHOLE HISTORY OF SAUDI ARABIA 
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Welcome to countries facts so today in this Article I will show you the whole history of Saudi Arabia for nearly three centuries numerous tribes and empires sought to subjugate the Arabian Peninsula during that relentless conflict for power the House of Saud was defeated expelled from their homeland and essentially hinged on the brink of annihilation yet fuelled by religious fervor the Saudis eventually bested their rivals and established the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia I'm your host Shivan and welcome to Caspian report have you enjoyed our work and you want to see more original content consider supporting us on patreon comm slash Caspian report located at the center of the Arabian Peninsula the gnashed region is a vast body of sand that consists of arid valleys historically there was little of importance here and so conquerors merchants and travelers mostly stayed away from this seemingly obscure place it wasn't until the sixteenth century that gnashed gained the attention of major powers at the time the ottomans having gained access to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf wanted to secure their holdings by controlling the interior of the peninsula this was easier said than done the inhospitable climate made it exceedingly taxing for large armies to move across so after a few early attempts the ottomans abandoned the plan by the 18th century the ottomans revised their designs for the gnashed region instead of directly annexing the interior they reached out to existing tribes and established alliances and vessels one such tribe was the ear acidic dynasty seated in the city of hile the ear Ishida's drew their power and wealth from their proximity to the harsh pilgrimage to Mecca and the ensuing commercial activity another ally was the Hashemite clan who had managed the political affairs of the two holy cities since the late 10th century as the two vessel states set their sights to conquer the secluded interior the nomadic Bedouin tribes from the gnashed were unwilling to give up their domains and prepared for a protracted conflict for the supremacy of the peninsula in the ensuing fight the Ottoman allied Hashemites and Russia DS came across some tough bedouin tribes who fought fiercely to defend their holdings the town of Dariya located on the outskirts of Riyadh became a contender in its own right when the sixteen-year-old Muhammad bin Saud became its Emir in 1726 and founded the Saudi dynasty other clans took offense at this and a bitter power struggle erupted between the local warlords which would last for a whole generation during this time a scholar by the name of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahab had returned to his homeland in gnashed after studying at institutions in Egypt Syria Iraq and Iran but despite his Sunni education Abdul Wahab formulated and preached his own interpretation of Islam known as Wahhabism his ultra-conservative creed was effectively condemned as heresy by most scholars including his own family as a result Abdul Wahab was forced to flee from town to town because his beliefs conflicted with the prevailing Sunni doctrine at the time then Abdul Wahab met Mohammed bin Saud who by then was older and wiser the founder of the Saudi dynasty recognized the political possibilities in the doctrine of Wahhabism as such in 1744 history was made when abdul wahhab and muhammad bin Saud formed a pact which was sealed by wedding the daughter of the former - the son of the latter without this religious political alliance between the Wahhabi ideology and the House of Saud both entities would have been just another clan and sect among many in the region however the two forces combined laid the foundation of the first Saudi state which was propelled into existence by a jihad as the teachings of Wahhabism throughout the peninsula the Saudi rulers subjugated all the other clans enmeshed by 1808 the Saudi state had set its sights on the Hejaz Highlands and conquered it during that time the Ottoman Empire had steadily lost its grip on power in the Middle East in fact they had lost control over Egypt to the very viceroy who had been tasked to confront the Saudi waha be coalition being acquainted with the Saudi tactics the new leadership in Egypt sent a military contingent to retake the Hejaz highlands from the Saudis after seven years of fighting in 1818 the Egyptian expedition prevailed and decimated the Saudi state immediately after the conflict the Egyptian leadership ceded de facto authority to the local Hashemite clan this gave the Saudis precious time to regroup their numbers six years later in 1824 Turkey bin abdullah bin muhammad the grandson of muhammad bin Saud returned for another round of hostilities he seized control of Riyadh made it his capital and proclaimed the second Saudi state this second realm however was smaller and more divided than its previous incarnation sensing an opportunity the Ottomans encouraged their ally da da she declined to assault the Saudis which is what happened in 1891 when the Rashida's conquered the Saudi capital Riyadh and expelled the Saudi leadership to modern-day Kuwait in this hopeless situation the air of the Saudi dynasty Abdulaziz even up to Rahman better known as even sold devised a plan to revive his house now whatever opinion one may have of Saudi Arabia even Saud was brilliant in his execution in 1902 in his mid-20s he sailed out of Kuwait with a force of 40 followers under the cover of the night they scaled the walls of Riyadh and coffee wretchedly governor by surprise as even Saud reclaimed the land of his forefathers he established the third Saudi state ever having gained a broader knowledge of global affairs during his stay in Kuwait even Saud understood that he could not confront the Ottomans along the coastlines of the peninsula so he did something that was unusual he showed restraint and bided for time in the meantime he built up his forces and cautiously maneuvered between the Ottomans and the British then at the backdrop of World War one the circumstances changed as the European powers dissected the Ottoman Empire and drew lines on the map and they created new countries however the artificial states severely weakened the authority of traditional tribes such as the Hashemites in hedges and the wretched ease in heil amidst this uncertainty in 1921 even sods Wahhabi army invaded the atashi homeland and brought the house to an end the British government attempted to mediate these sporadic hostilities but the plan backfired when the Hashemites refused to make concessions as the rift between the British and the Hashemites grew even sold took the liberty to move against the Hashemites the ensuing conflict resulted in the defeat of the Hashemites in 1925 and forced the local royalty to relocate to Iraq and Transjordan yet rather than outright annexing the Hejaz region even sold negotiated a political compromise with the British in the Treaty of Jeddah of 1927 the British government recognized the sovereignty of ebin south over the kingdom of Hejaz and the third Saudi state in return the Saudis agreed to halt their territorial expansion although the cooperation with the British would pay off even sods association with Christian powers had upset the Wahhabi contingents in his army acutely aware of the situation even Saud allied with the British and used modern weaponry to crush the Wahhabi elements in the Saudi army and the disobedient princes who had backed them the fighting dragged on into the 1930s but ultimately evens out prevailed with the conclusion of the Civil War and with the cities of Mecca and Medina firmly under control even South's legitimacy was unquestionable as such in 1932 the Saudi leadership fused the kingdom of hedges and the third Saudi state into a singular body called the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia nevertheless the undeclared civil war of the 1930s Illustrated that faith alone was not enough to sustain the unity of the Saudi government to appease the Wahhabi clergy even Saud enacted strict laws and banned Western practices he also married 22 wives and fathered 45 sons as a means to forge a lasting legitimate dynasty still it wasn't enough the Saudi state had failed twice before so to construct a new nation that could stand the test of time the government needed a steady stream of income which is exactly what was brought to life by the discovery of oil in the country in 1938 even so would passed away in 1953 and in the next decades his heirs took over the monarchy Saudi Arabia climbed the ranks as a leading producer of crude oil the wealth that was brought by oil came just in time across the Red Sea in Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser had seized power and his transnational beliefs captured the imagination of the Arab societies for the Saudis it was a threat to their very existence as such a series of conflicts divided the Arab world in two camps Egypt led by Nasser and backed by the Soviet Union espoused for secularism nationalism socialism and pan-arabism which gained traction in Libya Algeria Tunisia Sudan Iraq and Syria on the other side of the fence was Saudi Arabia which enjoyed the backing of the United States and encouraged more traditional principles with religious values these ideas gained ground in Jordan Morocco Bahrain Oman etc to eclipse their rivals the Saudis provided a safe haven for Salafi intellectuals from Egypt who were being cracked down by Nasser's government however in doing so the Wahhabi doctrine imported many Salafi ideas and changed from within from the 1970s onwards as the Saudi monarchs embraced Salafi pan-islamism the Saudi educational curriculum and the Wahabi ideology took a more fundamentalist attitude the effects of which are all too clear in the present but more on this topic in a separate report I've been your host Shivan from Caspian report credit goes to our top contributors on patreon for making this report possible I hope you guys this Article will be informative for you we will see you soon in the next one ByeBye.
